You don't. It is not always possible to predict an injury based on technique or anything else. If I was to bet, I'd bet that your knees got forward on that rep, but maybe not. You can't always tell. At any rate, it will be time to switch to a paused box squat when you start back after it heals up enough. Don't plan on doing a normal rebound squat for 18-24 months, and you should have no trouble with it.
And ask the surgeon how many of these he's fixed on lifters. If it was just inevitable, it would have to be hundreds of patients, right? He won't appreciate that question.