1) It varies. There is no "one way" to do this. As an extremely general rule, I would say 2-3 sets per exercise for between 5-10 reps. Some exercises lend themselves toward higher reps (machines, dbs, isolation stuff, etc) and some towards heavier sets. Things like stiff leg deadlifts, or close grip benches will generally be done for around 5 reps.
2) Start warming up the deadlift correctly and try to add 5 lbs to the bar. If you can't get it, then reset 5-10% and work back up.
3) Generally this is the first exposure to 5x5
4) First iteration of TM uses your last 3x5 LP weight as the 1x5 intensity day weight. 5x5 volume day is 90% of that.
5) Size will come with continued emphasis on heavy barbell work with higher rep stuff layered on top of it. Back off sets are very valuable for adding size.