Your quadriceps reach from their insertion point to their attachment points. They may have shorter muscle bellies than some, but the rest is made up with tendons. If they were really too short, you wouldn't be able to bend your knees.
About the same as mine. Slightly above average, although measurements were taken post mortem in this study http://www.sajs.co.za/sites/default/...%20Article.pdfHere is a picture of my knee from the front. The total width of the knee joint at the widest point of the bone is only 9cm. My patella is 5cm wide on its own and is circled in green here. It is prominent, and sticks out from my knee when my knee is flexed at 90 degrees as here.
I'm assuming right leg. I have about a hand's width of space between the obvious part of my vastus lateralis and my patella. Your vastus medialis doesn't look so big in this picture. There's some debate about this, but it is reckoned, by some, that if your outer and inner quadriceps muscles differ in strength, the kneecap won't 'track' properly over the femur and this can cause pain.
And the final picture shows where my quads lie when my leg is fully straight (quad marked out in red pen), to show that there is a significant distance from my quad muscle to my knee joint, and with a long tendon presumably connecting the two.
Runner's knee is an example of this.
The problem here is that any kind of knee pain can be blamed on this and you get railroaded off to physio to do lying leg raises. Physios love diagnosing this, because they can treat it and they can't do much about bones or cartilage.
I'm not saying that you don't have some deep issue that affects your knee and causes pain, but the things you have pointed to don't seem significant. Have your knees been examined by a doctor before ? Did he say "Good gracious, your knees look really strange".Guys, coaches, has anyone come across knee issues before like this? Is there a development issue here with my knees at all? How could this potentially effect my lifting if at all? What questions do I need to go in to the doc with, if any?
Your doctor may steer you towards physiotherapy. You may have to go through with that before going back for further investigation. You may not.